![]() Unlike Constable, Turner travelled extensively and was heavily influenced by Europe. In contrast to Constable, Turner was a Romantic who explored the British landscape in terms of light and atmosphere. Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851), “Waterfall among rocks, Wales,” c. If Turner learnt from those who came before him by imitation, Constable absorbed their influence in his overall approach. In paintings such as ‘Wivenhoe Park, Essex,’ (1816) Constable explores scenes of British rural charm and familiarity within a distinctively ‘new’ language of painting. Unlike his contemporaries, Constable never traveled abroad and remained focused on the beauty of ‘common’ things throughout his life. Turner and John Constable, (1776-1837).Ĭonstable, was in many ways a ‘Realist’ whose reassuringly honest paintings of the idyllic English countryside emphasized the idea of ‘truth’ in natural scenes, untouched by human influence. ![]() Crucial to this were two painters from southeast England who would eventually become synonymous with the genre, despite their highly different approaches to the British landscape. Oil on canvas, Widener Collection. Photo courtesy National Gallery of Art.ĭuring the early 19th century, British painters began to carve an increasingly distinctive niche within the Broader landscape project. The Influence of European Landscape Painting In paintings such as ‘Landscape with a Calm’ (1651), Poussin translated the ideals of balance and harmonious composition into a landscape vision that he sought to perfect the result would feel far more contrived than his British contemporaries. A key proponent of this school was Nicolas Poussin (1650–1651), a French painter who would spend most his career in Rome and was heavily influenced by the ideals of classical antiquity. While Dutch painting can be seen as an early predecessor to British landscape painting, it is also important to consider the influence of Classicism, largely developed in Italy during the 17th century (during which the Grand Tour became a crucial rite of passage, which broadened the influence of emerging French and British painters). This generation included Salomon van Ruysdael (1603-70), Aelbert Cuyp (1620-90), and Jacob van Ruisdael (1628-82). The development of Dutch landscape painting involved a crucial generation of Protestant painters who saw the idea of landscape as an alternative subject. It is notable that the term ‘landscape’ actually derives from the Dutch word ‘landschap,’ which indicates the early importance of landscape painting in the Netherlands a genre which became important there much earlier than it did in other European countries. In the 18th century, European landscape painting was defined by two dominant schools the Dutch and the Classical. van Ruisdael, “A forest landscape with a river and a shepherd on a mossy path,” oil on canvas, 56 x 66.5 cm. 18th Century Landscape Painting in EuropeĬircle of Jacob Isaacsz. In short, in the history of landscape painting, Britain looked to its European counterparts in order to discover a means of describing itself in painting, and would in turn influence a generation of European painters. Turner helped to define British landscape painting as a genre with its own distinctive voice, it is important to consider this voice within the broader context of European landscape painting. The sale broke the record for the highest price ever achieved for a pre-20th century British artist. In 2014, ‘Rome, From Mount Aventine’ (1835), sold at Sotheby’s for £30.3 million ($47.4 million), far surpassing its pre-sale estimate of £15-20 million. Producing some of the most innovative, albeit challenging visions of the British landscape, Turner’s paintings continually command extraordinarily high prices at auction, due to their rarity. In 2015, the Getty Center in Los Angeles hosted an exhibition of Joseph Mallord William (J.M.W.) Turner (1775–1851), the first major display of his paintings on the West Coast of the United States. The genre of British landscape painting, which flourished in the first half of the 19th century, has grown to become a prized international export.
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