We have removed CORS restriction so you can use direct access to hash calculator in your javascript applications via AJAX. Output - for output type (empty, "json" or "plain") Via params to avoid processing of our url parser. If you have string that contains complicated urlencoded characters you can send it directly The another cool thing is that you can specify "json" or "plain" mode into URL and you will get only HASH in response. Type string that you need to encode with algorithm according to next schema:įor example to visit page that contains hash of "hello world" you can just visit url: □ NOTE This documentation has been automatically generated from Import-Module "$env:ChocolateyInstall\helpers\chocolateyInstaller.psm1" -Force Get-Help Get-ChecksumValid -Full.You can use direct access to this page from your browser address bar. For more information, see about_CommonParameters. This cmdlet supports the common parameters: -Verbose, -Debug, -ErrorAction, -ErrorVariable, -OutBuffer, and -OutVariable. PropertyĪllows splatting with arguments that do not apply. The recommendation is to use at least SHA256. MD5 is not recommended as certain organizations need to use FIPS The type of checksum that the file is validated with - 'md5', 'sha1', Provide checksums for all remote resources used. The community feed ( choco install checksum)Īnd use it e.g. You can also use the checksum tool available on Other algorithms calculators MD2 MD4 MD5 SHA1 SHA224 SHA256 SHA384 SHA512. □ NOTE To determine checksums, you can get that from the original Hash calculator SHA512 Online SHA512 Hash Calculator. Remote source that uses the same url for updates, you will need toĮnsure the package also stays updated in line with those remote Intended for you to receive with this package. Other steps in the process related to the community repository, itĮnsures that the file a user receives is the same file a maintainerĪnd a moderator (if applicable), plus any moderation review has The same file that is received at a future date. Originally intended file that was used in the creation of a package is □ NOTE Checksums in packages are meant as a measure to validate the The expected checksum hash value of the File resource. The full path to a binary file that is checksummed and compared to the allowEmpt圜hecksumsSecure - when turned on, skips checksumming when the package is missing a checksum for secure (HTTPS) locationsĮXAMPLE 1 Get-ChecksumValid -File $fileFullPath -CheckSum $checksum -ChecksumType $checksumType.allowEmpt圜hecksums - when turned on, skips checksumming when the package is missing a checksum.checksumFiles - when turned off, skips checksumming.-download-checksum-圆4, -download-checksum-type-圆4 - allows user to pass their own checksumsįeatures that affect checksum verification:.-download-checksum, -download-checksum-type - allows user to pass their own checksums.-require-checksums - requires checksums for both non-secure and secure locations.-allow-empty-checksums-secure - skips checksumming when the package is missing a checksum for secure (HTTPS) locations.-allow-empty-checksums - skips checksumming when the package is missing a checksum.-ignore-checksums - skips checksumming.Options that affect checksum verification: This uses the checksum.exe tool available separately at Matches the expected signature, the contents of the file are identical When verifying a checksum using a secure algorithm, if the checksum The contents of a file (whether by accident or for malicious reasons)Īnd still result in the same checksum signature. While some cryptographicĪlgorithms, including MD5 and SHA1, are no longer considered secureĪgainst attack, the goal of a checksum algorithm is to make itĮxtremely difficult (near impossible with better algorithms) to alter The contents of a file have not been changed. File Hash Checksum Calculator VISUAL PRODUCT TOUR A Closer Look at Duplicate File Detective See the product screenshots below File Hash Calculator Duplicate File Detective includes a useful file hash calculation tool that can compute multiple checksum values (CRC32, ADLER32, MD5, SHA1, SHA256, or SHA512) for multiple files. This software allows to generate MD (Message Digest) and SHA hashes from a file or files or files in a directory. The file, even one character, the checksum will be different.Ĭhecksums are used to provide as a means of cryptographically ensuring File names and extensions can be altered withoutĬhanging the checksum signature. AĬhecksum hash is a unique value or signature that corresponds to theĬontents of a file. If the checksum fails to match theĮxpected output, this function throws an error.Ĭhecksums have been used for years as a means of verification. This function is usually used when comparing a file that is downloadedįrom an official distribution point. Makes a determination if a file meets an expected checksum signature. Checks a file's checksum versus a passed checksum and checksum type.
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There are no guarantees in life, of course, but this might be something worth considering if you're looking to, say, add a cloud component to your current local-backup setup. So, yeah, it doesn't strike me as fly-by-night. The company claims over 3 million users and partners, including Acer, Canon and Dell. Rest easy: UK-based Zoolz has been in the biz since 2010, mostly focusing on cold-storage technology (based on Amazon Glacier) for businesses. One could argue there's a risk in choosing any cloud-storage service not called Dropbox, Google Drive or OneDrive: Can it survive the long haul? What if Zoolz' lifetime turns out to be, oh, 18 months? Certainly lots of seemingly similar services have come and gone, and this is your data we're talking about. The Zoolz desktop client is streamlined and simple.įair question. (Last time out, the deal was 1TB for $35.) That's $10 off the regular price of $49.99, which itself is a colossal savings. So today I'm happy to share a rerun of sorts: even more space for nearly the same price as last time!įor a limited time, you can get a lifetime 2TB Zoolz dual cloud-storage subscription for $39.99. When I asked for folks to name some of their favorite deals, more than a few mentioned Zoolz - a little-known but increasingly popular cloud-storage service. How could it not be, after all the amazingly kind words you shared yesterday? I'm the luckiest blogger on the interwebs. Find more great buys on the CNET Deals page and follow the Cheapskate on Facebook and Twitter!įriends, my heart is full today. Questions about the Cheapskate blog? Find the answers on our FAQ page. CNET's Cheapskate scours the web for great deals on PCs, phones, gadgets and much more. Moreover, Snow White is known as an anti-villain who wants to show kindness whenever she can.Ĭinderella’s theme is depravity, which is the exact opposite of the fairy tale character that you know. Her wish is to revive the Grimm Brothers as she owes them her existence. As for her backstory, Snow White’s quest to punish evil began when her stepmother (the evil queen) killed her prince on the day of her wedding. Before arriving in the library, this character was described as an effective enforcer of justice. Snow White comes with the concept of justice. Her story is a dark one that follows her brutal journey from a protagonist to antagonist. Furthermore, she comes with a bondage theme and is described as emotionless or feels no pain. She’s based on the main character of Alice in Wonderland. AliceĪs you may have noticed in the title, Alice is the lead character in the game. Let’s get to know the seven main characters in SINoALICE below. Seven Main SINoALICE Characters That You Should Play With that out of the way, let’s proceed to the main characters in the game. Finally, the Mage employs the use of Orbs that can deal magical damage to multiple enemies. Healing or restoring HPs of allies is the job of a Cleric who can perform the task using a staff. Meanwhile, Minstrel uses musical instruments to buff the abilities of its allies. Equipped with a Book of Spells, Sorcerer is a job focused on de-buffing enemies. The Paladin, on the other hand, is a job that comes with a Polearm that can inflict magical damage to multiple targets. Another job is the Gunner who can inflict magical damage to a single target using a bow and arrow. Next is the Crusher, which deals physical damage to multiple targets using a Hammer. The first job is Breaker, which deals physical damage to a single target using a sword. It will help you get an idea of which job to use in specific missions or encounters. What’s important is to beat the Story mode and unlock the other classes in the Gacha Pool.īut before we jump into our main topic, let’s take a quick overview of the various Job Types and the boosted weapons that comes with each. With that said, it doesn’t matter what character you choose from the start. Although the characters still come with various classes, they’re more focused on the game’s lore and support/boost weapons/gear. My thanks to the comment section.SINoALICE employs the use of a real-time RPG battle system that focuses on weapons and gears rather than the characters. Support boon will enhance the effectiveness of buffs/debuffs of the weapon it is on. I'm also still entirely unsure what exactly Support Boon does. If someone knows where to find the skill modifiers for buffs and debuffs, I'd love to have that. ** Tentative: Guessing at the Colosseum buffs by using 50% penalty at first mark, 90% at second mark I don't currently have any better info on this, however it is said that buffs are penalized at +10 and +18, while debuffs are penalized at +5 and +10(edenofgaming), Colosseum BuffsĪt max buffs you provide a 100% bonus to your frontline’s attack and defense, and at max debuffs you penalize the enemy team by a whopping 70%." -edenofgaming Inside of the Colosseum, buffs and debuffs will have a different numerical modifier. This has an order of physical attack, physical defense, magical attack, magical defense.*To my own knowledge, buffs and debuffs are additive when pooled togetherĪ level 10 buffed 100 attack will output itself to about ~200 attack.Ī level 10 debuffed 100 attack will output to about ~50 attack. When you see a buff number, this refers to the *approximate* level of total buffs the player/monster has received. Any buffs that you have running will also affect this(A magic attack buffed sorcerer can push out a stronger magic attack debuff).Īttributes do not factor into buffs/debuffs. When applying buffs, they will be scaled using the target stat(A sorcerer debuffing magic attack uses their own magic attack for debuff calculations). Sorcerer and Minstrels will give benefits to buffs/debuffs when using their specialty weapon. Since I couldn't seem to find anything english based with this kind of information, I'll be posting my findings here in the hopes that other people find this useful.īuffs / debuffs are restricted primarily to the tome and instrument weapon types(they can also be applied through additional effects to some extent). Disclaimer: I am sourcing this off the jp wiki, if things differ in global, then please let me know in the comments. The application can reduce a PDF file’s size by as much as 90%.įree to use for a 10-day trial nag screen. Several profiles for shrinking a PDF file are loaded by default. PDF Shrink is available for Windows and Mac OS X. Quickly shrink a PDF file’s size by as much as 90% with the user friendly PDF Shrink file. You can use it for a trial period of 10 days. PDF Shrink is not free, it’s only free to try. During our tests, we managed to shrink down a PDF file by as much as 87%. In Star connection current is in different phases but line voltage is root three times that of the phase voltage. PDF Shrink will immediately go to work, shrink down your PDF, and present you with a new window that displays how successful the shrinking process is. Therefore, before starting the motor, it is necessary to reduce the voltage applied to the motor. Step 3: select the PDF you want to shrink. Step 2: hit the Process PDF file from the upper left hand corner of the application’s interface. You can add your own profiles to the list a simple setup wizard will help you create a profile that suits your needs. By default, the application comes pre-loaded with the following profiles: Email (shrink a PDF for emailing), Print (produces the largest files with the best image quality), Smartphone (optimizes PDF files for viewing on smartphones and other mobile devices), and Web (produces the smallest files). Step 1: select the profile you want to use. Using the application is a very simple 3-step process: select a profile, hit Process PDF, select the PDF you want to shrink. Above this list there’s a bar with buttons for renaming the profiles, creating a new profile, deleting an existing profile, making a profile the default, and for starting the PDF shrinking process. PDF Shrink comes pre-loaded with several profiles for shrinking PDF files – these profiles are displayed as a list on the application’s interface. Getting the application up and running on a PC is a simple, standard process: download a 3.2MB executable, run it, click through the setup wizard, start the application. The application is available for Microsoft’s Windows operating system and for Apple’s Mac OS X (Snow Leopard and Lion-compatible). PDF Shrink is available for the two most popular operating systems out there. Reducing a PDF file’s size by up to 90% can be done with the PDF Shrink application – and it can be done as easily as picking a profile and hitting the Process PDF button. Reduce the size of most PDF files by as much as 90% of their original size.ĭon’t understand the difference between JPEG and JPEG2000 or whether you need 72 or 150 DPI for images? PDF Shrink has an intuitive wizard that removes the techie jargon and unfamiliar terms and helps you pick the appropriate settings for specific requirements.If a PDF file is too large and you need to shrink it down, then you need to take a look at PDF Shrink, a tool developed by Apago, company founded back in 1991 that provides retail applications, custom programming, private label OEM products, consultation and support for a diverse customer base. Apagos (Alpharetta, GA) ImageAlter allows users to shrink the file size of any existing PDF file by downsampling and compressing images inside the PDF file. PDF Shrink makes it easy to optimize PDF files for posting on web-sites, as email attachments, for reading on e-book readers and mobile devices. Why are PDF files so big?!? They are not easy to email to co-workers and they can take forever to download and view. PDF Shrink makes it easy to optimize PDF files for posting on web-sites, as email attachments, for reading on e-book readers and mobile devices. PDF Shrink makes it easy to optimize PDF files for posting on web-sites, as email attachments, for reading on e-book readers and mobile devices. Jvgsjeff is on Youtube, Facebook, Pinterest, Tumblr, and Twitter. I also maintain lists of kids born on my island and items in my collection. Mario, Luigi, and Peach: From Crystal Dreamsīe sure to check out my Tomodachi Life Blog to follow my ongoing adventures in the game or read my review of the game. Shaq (Shaquille O'Neal): Originally from the official Tomodachi Life site, now available here. Here are links to them:īreezy and Gaston: From Breezycrossing on Tumblr Heres a list of some of the more curious choices of available Miis complete with QR codes for easy integration.Some of the Miis on Wolf Bobs Island were created by others. Find out the Top 20 Famous Celebrity Miis to download for Tomodachi Life. Yukon Cornelius (from Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer):įor the favorite & worst foods of the Mii islanders above, see my page of special reaction foods. Villager (from Animal Crossing and Smash Bros. Tobias Funke (from Arrested Development): Stella Crossing (daughter of Breezy and Gaston): Pauline (from Donkey Kong and Super Mario Odyssey): Madison (daughter of Darth Vader and Peach): Madeline (daughter of The Count and Velma): Lucille 2 Austero (from Arrested Development): Lindsay Funke (from Arrested Development): Kevin Love (NBA player for Cleveland Cavaliers): Here is my list, in alphabetical order.Īnna Crossing (daughter of Villager and Stella):Īnnyong / Hel-loh Bluth (from Arrested Development):īaker Mayfield (NFL player-QB of the Cleveland Browns):īuster Bluth (from Arrested Development):Įlly / Elhaym Van Houten (from Xenogears):Įmily (daughter of Popeye the Sailor Man and Lucille 2): Choose "Scan QR Code" and then hold your 3DS or 2DS up to your computer monitor (or tablet or phone) so that the QR code shown lines up with the dotted outline shown on your 3DS. To scan them, go to town hall in your Tomodachi Life game and choose the "QR Code" option. If the player scans a QR Code of a Mii wearing an outfit the player does not yet currently own, that outfit won't become available for purchase in the shops.The following QR codes can be scanned to give you many of the Miis that reside on my Wolf Bobs Island in Tomodachi Life.Each one came with preset look, profile, voice, and personality that could not be edited, while Shaun White was the only one who had a full birthday set. Players could scan QR codes through the town hall to unlock these Miis. They included Christina Aguilera, Shaquille O'Neal (Shaq), Debby Ryan, Shaun White, and Zendaya. Each of the Miis were released on the Tomodachi Life website when the game was first released on June 6, 2014. The celebrity Miis featured in Tomodachi Life.Ĭelebrity Miis are 5 Miis which represent famous people in real life and can be downloaded to Tomodachi Life and added to the island. Miitomo is backwards compatible with QR codes from Tomodachi Life, albeit with only the voice, appearance, and personality. In addition, only one piece of clothing and interior, as well as their catchphrase (if present) can be stored with a Mii on a QR Code. When a Mii is scanned, The Mii comes with their default outfit and interior as was configured in the QR Code, but the Mii can still be edited to the player's liking.Īlthough QR Codes of any language can be read by any version of Tomodachi Life, clothing will only be carried forward if the QR Code and game are from the same country, presumably due to regional differences between games. In Life the player can scan pre-made codes or those created by another player from the game's engine. If a Tomodachi Life QR Code is scanned on Mii Maker, however, only the Mii's appearance and nickname will appear. This method allows for Miis to be imported from other islands while retaining the personality of said Mii. A Mii standing next to their respective QR Code in Tomodachi Life.Ī QR Code is a code that can be scanned into Tomodachi Life, Miitomo, and Miitopia as an alternative to creating a Mii or transferring them from Mii Maker. The book states that it was written with the intent to be used alongside the Clan and Covenant books as well, and because of this we will be allowing all Clan and Covenant books(as well as the vast majority of bloodlines). Now we have all the material we need to run a full game, in a single book. We don't have to refer to the blue book for combat anymore, we don't have to look around at 10 different books to find one rule for an obscure situation, and we don't have to fumble in the dark trying to figure out who can have what, and who is (or isn't) responsible. The beauty of 'Vampire the Requiem - 2nd Edition' is that everything you need is in one book. What changes will we make to the new book? (Allowed vs.The mechanics and system have also been tightly refined and patched, so there won't be the old gaping holes in logic or the obscure rules that people have to spend an hour looking for. The dots on a sheet are a factor (a big factor), but they don't run the game solely by themselves anymore in this second edition of Requiem. The system now rewards all forms of role play and ensures that situations are more fluid, stable, and that the social side of the game doesn't fall by the way side the moment cards (or dice) are pulled. I believe this core conflict between the system and role play that is often encouraged by the genre was the factor that Onyx Path Publishing wanted to tackle and amend. The previous rendition of Requiem allowed for quite a bit of creativity and role play, but the game could quickly become unstable with the way the game handled certain situations. The two elements i'm speaking of are the social role-play and mechanical role play. This edition of Requiem permits a blending between two elements that were often in conflict with one another in the first edition. The new system, in the opinion of Dan and myself, is much more cohesive and friendly to players who are interested in a more dynamic game. Why did they decide to reset the franchise and why are we switching?. While the Lennon Wall has been decorated with anti-establishment messages since the 1960s, it took on a strong cultural meaning after the assassination of Beatles’ singer John Lennon in 1980. Located in Velkopřevorské Square, Prague, Czechia The Lennon Wall, via Smithsonian Magazine, Washington D.C. Later, Mark Zuckerburg asked Choe to paint the Facebook headquarters again once they were moved, but using more subtle themes this time. Although Choe wasn’t convinced that Facebook would be a hit at the time, now almost 15 years ago, it’s lucky that he took the stocks since now they’d be worth well over $200 million. Either $60,000 or the equivalent in Facebook stock. Parker offered Choe two options for payment. Choe obliged and created a piece that was rather graphic and sexual – all normal themes for the artist. Sean Parker, the original Facebook president was a huge fan of David Choe’s graffiti art and asked him to paint a mural at Facebook’s first offices in Silicon Valley. Located at Facebook Headquarters in Palo Alto, California Facebook Murals by David Choe, 2005 It was only under Robertson suffered a fatal head injury that Banksy ceased fire. Interestingly, Banksy, another British graffiti artist painted over many of King Robbo’s art which began what was known as a graffiti war. It became the oldest piece of graffiti in London since all his other work was removed by authorities, except for this one which was only accessible by water. John Robertson, known as King Robbo, was a British graffiti artist and in 1985 he created Robbo Incorporated next to Regent’s Canal just underneath the London Transportation Police Headquarters. Located at Regent’s Canal in Camden, London, England Robbo Incorporated by King Robbo, 1985, via Widewalls Please check your inbox to activate your subscription Thank you! Standing ten stories high and covering more than 2,000 square feet, this piece overlooks the Nelson Mandela Bridge.įun fact: Fairey is the same artist to create the “Hope” poster from Barack Obama’s presidential campaign. The protest got its name after police officers sprayed the protesters with water dyed purple so they could be later identified. This iconic graffiti art by Shepard Fairey was created to remember the 25th anniversary of what would later be called the Purple Rain Protest for the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa. Located at Juta Street in Braamfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa The Purple Shall Govern by Shepard Fairey, 2014, via Obey It included the faces of the Huli people from New Guinea, the Mursi people of Ethiopia, the Kayin people from Thailand, the Supi people from Europe, and the Tapajos people from the Americas. Etnias depicts five faces from the five continents to spread the message of us all being one. In fact, it broke the Guinness World Record for the world’s largest graffiti art. This impressive feat took two months to finish and covers an area of nearly 30,000 square feet. Using his signature technique of squares and triangles, world-renowned graffiti artist Eduardo Kobra created Etnias for the 2016 Rio Olympics. Located at Port District in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Etnias (Ethnicities) by Eduardo Kobra, 2016 The Pandolfo brothers, known as Os Gemeos masterfully account for the curves in their unconventional canvas and, although it did spark some controversy, the piece was incredibly popular. This massive graffiti work took up 70 square feet and depicts a large, yellow character as he seems to be squeezing himself between the buildings that surround him. Located at Dewey Square Park in Boston, Massachusetts The Giant of Boston by Os Gemeos, 2012, via The Rose Kennedy Greenway WebsiteĬreated by the twin duo Otavio and Gustavo Pandolfo from Brazil, The Giant of Boston was a temporary piece made as part of an exhibition for the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston. What to expect: This workout will test your cardio, build core strength, and work your entire body. Milton, barre instructor and wellness advocate in Lorton, Virginia. Flawless transitions keep the momentum and energy high and strong.” - Briana J. She makes each exercise accessible for people with varied athletic ability. “I love how versatile the moves are and how in-depth Adrienne is with explaining each transition and where you should be feeling the work. What to expect: Upper and lower-body move combinations using 5-pound weights to kick up the intensity. This workout is great for those really wanting a challenge, and it's low impact.” - Lanie Hoxie, barre and Ballet Fit instructor at Bam Barre in Orlando, Florida I love all the combination moves she incorporated into the workout too. This workout is more mellow than others, as Nicole has a soft, soothing voice, and the music is calming, but it is far from ‘relaxing.’ This was a challenging workout that really tires out your muscle groups. “As a professional dancer, I love to see a barre instructor who moves like a dancer and uses proper form and technique like Nicole. What to expect: A chill workout that uses isometric moves for a serious burn. Full Body At-Home Sculpting Barre and Pilates Workout With Move With Nicole Be prepared to sweat through this workout.”-Miller There are lots of pulses-micro-movements that improve endurance and help you resist fatigue, stabilize your body, and move with proper posture-in this video. This is a fast-paced barre cardio workout for the intermediate to advanced exerciser and offers workouts with various equipment pieces or alternatives. “I love this 45-minute at-home barre workout that targets your full body. What to expect: A low-impact cardio barre workout that will still get you sweating. This video offers modifications and is great for all levels.” - Whitley Miller, creator and master barre instructor at the Healing Barre in Washington, D.C. And tucking works your core and pelvic muscles. Each time you roll up to relevé (on the balls of your feet), you are strengthening your calf muscles, and when you are bending your knees into your pliés, you are strengthening your thighs. This workout incorporates tiny isometric movements to hit your inner thighs, outer thighs, glutes, calves, and core. “This is one of my favorite barre workout combinations because it engages your core and works your lower body by incorporating pliés, pulses, and tucks-all in a 10-minute workout you can do from home. What to expect: A quick 10-minute total-body barre workout with classic barre moves. A plus is that all of the equipment is completely optional, and there are options for all fitness levels, from beginner to advanced.” -Carrillo This workout is an excellent option for those looking for a more 'athletic' style of barre. The cardio and large, dynamic moves combined with the tiny movements of barre create an intense, full-body workout that will leave you dripping in sweat. “This 30-minute cardio barre workout by Lindsay of Nourish Move Love is for those who may think you can't work up a good sweat with barre. What to expect: A high-intensity full-body barre workout that is equipment-optional. The equipment in this workout is completely optional as well.” - Michelle Carrillo, certified barre instructor, certified Pilates instructor and former dance instructor in Palm Springs, California This workout is wonderful for new mamas or mamas-to-be looking to continue or introduce a fitness routine. Kailey has a prenatal and postnatal barre certification, so viewers can feel supported doing this barre workout in the comfort of their home. “This 30-minute prenatal and postnatal barre workout by Kailey of Aura Studio is an effective workout to include throughout pregnancy and beyond. What to expect: A workout for those who are prenatal or postnatal to target muscles to support your body throughout and after your pregnancy Pre- and Postnatal Full-Body Barre Workout This workout is more of a slower pace, which helps you isolate those muscles.” - Kimberly Barrera, certified barre instructor in Passaic, New Jersey I love how Amy shows you how you can do a barre workout without having a portable barre at home or any barre experience. “This is a 20-minute pure barre workout that anyone can do at home. What to expect: All you need is a chair for this at-home barre workout. Pure Barre Workout With Amy’s Beach Fitness Want to give it a shot? Here are 16 barre workouts on YouTube you might want to try. In 2004, AWS was expanded to provide website popularity statistics and web crawler data from the Alexa Web Information Service. In 2002, it launched Amazon Web Services (AWS), which initially focused on providing APIs for web developers to build web applications on top of Amazon's ecommerce platform. The following year, it began selling music, video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, games, and toys. It began selling music and videos in 1998, and began international operations by acquiring online sellers of books in the United Kingdom and Germany. Main article: History of Amazon 1994–2006: Early yearsĪmazon was founded in July 1994 by Jeff Bezos, who chose the Seattle area for its abundance of technical talent, as Microsoft was in the area. It also produces consumer electronics-most notably, Kindle e-readers, Echo devices, Fire tablets, and Fire TVs.Īmazon has been criticized for customer data collection practices, a toxic work culture, tax avoidance, and anti-competitive behavior. It publishes books through its publishing arm, Amazon Publishing, film and television content through Amazon Studios, and has been the owner of film and television studio Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer since March 2022. Īmazon also distributes a variety of downloadable and streaming content through its Amazon Prime Video, Amazon Music, Twitch, and Audible units. It is the second-largest private employer in the United States. In 2021, it surpassed Walmart as the world's largest retailer outside of China, driven in large part by its paid subscription plan, Amazon Prime, which has over 200 million subscribers worldwide. As of 2021, it is the world's largest online retailer and marketplace, smart speaker provider, cloud computing service through AWS, live-streaming service through Twitch, and Internet company as measured by revenue and market share. Īmazon has earned a reputation as a disruptor of well-established industries through technological innovation and "aggressive" reinvestment of profits into capital expenditures. Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for US$13.4 billion substantially increased its footprint as a physical retailer. Its other subsidiaries include Ring, Twitch, IMDb, and Whole Foods Market. It has multiple subsidiaries including Amazon Web Services (cloud computing), Zoox ( autonomous vehicles), Kuiper Systems (satellite Internet), and Amazon Lab126 (computer hardware R&D). Initially an online marketplace for books, it has expanded into a multitude of product categories, a strategy that has earned it the moniker The Everything Store. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Alphabet, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft.Īmazon was founded by Jeff Bezos from his garage in Bellevue, Washington, on July 5, 1994. It has been referred to as "one of the most influential economic and cultural forces in the world", and is one of the world's most valuable brands. ( / ˈ æ m ə z ɒ n/ AM-ə-zon) is an American multinational technology company focusing on e-commerce, cloud computing, online advertising, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence. Unlike Constable, Turner travelled extensively and was heavily influenced by Europe. In contrast to Constable, Turner was a Romantic who explored the British landscape in terms of light and atmosphere. Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851), “Waterfall among rocks, Wales,” c. If Turner learnt from those who came before him by imitation, Constable absorbed their influence in his overall approach. In paintings such as ‘Wivenhoe Park, Essex,’ (1816) Constable explores scenes of British rural charm and familiarity within a distinctively ‘new’ language of painting. Unlike his contemporaries, Constable never traveled abroad and remained focused on the beauty of ‘common’ things throughout his life. Turner and John Constable, (1776-1837).Ĭonstable, was in many ways a ‘Realist’ whose reassuringly honest paintings of the idyllic English countryside emphasized the idea of ‘truth’ in natural scenes, untouched by human influence. Crucial to this were two painters from southeast England who would eventually become synonymous with the genre, despite their highly different approaches to the British landscape. Oil on canvas, Widener Collection. Photo courtesy National Gallery of Art.ĭuring the early 19th century, British painters began to carve an increasingly distinctive niche within the Broader landscape project. The Influence of European Landscape Painting In paintings such as ‘Landscape with a Calm’ (1651), Poussin translated the ideals of balance and harmonious composition into a landscape vision that he sought to perfect the result would feel far more contrived than his British contemporaries. A key proponent of this school was Nicolas Poussin (1650–1651), a French painter who would spend most his career in Rome and was heavily influenced by the ideals of classical antiquity. While Dutch painting can be seen as an early predecessor to British landscape painting, it is also important to consider the influence of Classicism, largely developed in Italy during the 17th century (during which the Grand Tour became a crucial rite of passage, which broadened the influence of emerging French and British painters). This generation included Salomon van Ruysdael (1603-70), Aelbert Cuyp (1620-90), and Jacob van Ruisdael (1628-82). The development of Dutch landscape painting involved a crucial generation of Protestant painters who saw the idea of landscape as an alternative subject. It is notable that the term ‘landscape’ actually derives from the Dutch word ‘landschap,’ which indicates the early importance of landscape painting in the Netherlands a genre which became important there much earlier than it did in other European countries. In the 18th century, European landscape painting was defined by two dominant schools the Dutch and the Classical. van Ruisdael, “A forest landscape with a river and a shepherd on a mossy path,” oil on canvas, 56 x 66.5 cm. 18th Century Landscape Painting in EuropeĬircle of Jacob Isaacsz. In short, in the history of landscape painting, Britain looked to its European counterparts in order to discover a means of describing itself in painting, and would in turn influence a generation of European painters. Turner helped to define British landscape painting as a genre with its own distinctive voice, it is important to consider this voice within the broader context of European landscape painting. The sale broke the record for the highest price ever achieved for a pre-20th century British artist. In 2014, ‘Rome, From Mount Aventine’ (1835), sold at Sotheby’s for £30.3 million ($47.4 million), far surpassing its pre-sale estimate of £15-20 million. Producing some of the most innovative, albeit challenging visions of the British landscape, Turner’s paintings continually command extraordinarily high prices at auction, due to their rarity. In 2015, the Getty Center in Los Angeles hosted an exhibition of Joseph Mallord William (J.M.W.) Turner (1775–1851), the first major display of his paintings on the West Coast of the United States. The genre of British landscape painting, which flourished in the first half of the 19th century, has grown to become a prized international export. |
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